|
|
 |
|
NOTE:
Stipulation of Facts and Consent to Penalty (SFC), Offers of Settlement (OS) and Letters of Acceptance, Waiver, and Consent (AWC)
are entered into by Respondents without admitting or denying the
allegations, but consent is given to the described sanctions and to the
entry of findings.
2005
OUTSIDE BUSINESS ACTIVITIES
|
Michael Waton Tsang
AWC/2005000183801/December 2005
Tsang engaged in business activities outside the scope of his member
firm, without providing prompt written notice of these activities to his
firm.
Fined $5,000; Suspended 6 months in all capacities
|
Kevin Paul O’Brien
AWC/E8A2004062301/December 2005
O'Brien engaged in outside business activities without giving his firm
prompt written notice.
Fined $25,000; Suspended 10 business days in all capacities
|
Steven Ernest Henley
AWC/E3B20030307-01/December 2005
Henley participated in an outside business activity for compensation
without giving his member firm prompt written notice.
Suspended 3 months in all capacities
|
Carl Gene Fiebich
OS/C8A20040109/ E8A2002082203/December 2005
Fiebich engaged in outside business activities without giving his
member firm prompt written notice.
Barred
|
John Barry Chambers
OS/CLI20040031/ELI2002045104/December 2005
Chambers
- induced public customers to submit $180,600 for investing purposes
to his company or its agent and, without their knowledge,
authorization or consent, he misused and/or converted
the customers’ funds for his own use and benefit;
- recommended securities transactions to public customers without
reasonable grounds to believe the investments were suitable
for them in light of their financial situations, investment
objectives, needs and the risks associated with the investments;
- engaged in private securities transactions and outside business
activities without providing his member firm with prior written
notice; and
- willfully failed to amend and to timely submit an amendment to his Form
U4 to disclose material information.
Barred; Ordered to pay $73,750 in restitution
|
Jace Rodney Hermanson
AWC/E3A2004034801/November 2005
Hermanson engaged in business activity outside the scope of his member
firm and failed to provide his member firm with prompt written
notice.
Fined $6,582.54; Suspended 3 months in all capacities
|
|
Grant Jack Vermillion
AWC/2005000590201/October 2005
Vermillion participated in business activities outside the
scope of his member firm without providing prompt written notice to his
firm.
Fined $10,000 (includes $2,330.94 disgorgement of
commissions); Suspended 30 days in all capacities
|
Sean Everett Falk (Principal)
AWC/C9A050036/September 2005
Falk engaged in a business activity for compensation outside the scope
of his relationship with his member firm without providing his firm prompt
written notice of the activity.
Fined $2,500; Suspended 30 days in all capacities.
|
John Foster Wilkinson
AWC/E8A2002124005/September 2005
Wilkinson engaged in outside business activities for compensation
without giving prior written notice to his member firm.
Fined $5,000; Suspended 30 days in all capacities
|
Charles Arvin Utter
AWC/E3A2004030701/September 2005
Utter engaged in outside business activities without providing prompt
written notice to his member firm; and continued to engage in outside
business activity knowing that his member firm disapproved of this
activity.
Fined $15,000 (includes $8,800 disgorgement); Suspended 5 months in all
capacities
|
Samuel John Trigillo
8A040082/September 2005
Trigillo affixed a customer’s
signature to securities related documents without the customer’s
knowledge or consent; and transferred a customer’s funds from a fixed
annuity to a variable annuity without the customer’s knowledge or
consent. Trigillo affixed another
registered representative’s signature on customer forms without
the registered representative’s knowledge or consent. In addition,
Trigillo engaged in outside business activity without providing prompt
written notice to his member firm. (NASD Case #C)
Barred
|
David Francis Polus
AWC/E8A2002124002/September 2005
Polus engaged in outside business activities for compensation without
giving prior written notice to his member firm.
Fined $10,000; Suspended 6 months in all capacities
|
Craig Ross Myers
AWC/E8A2002124003/September 2005
Myers engaged in outside business activities for compensation without
giving prompt written notice to his member firm.
Fined $10,000; Suspended 6 months in all capacities
|
Amanda Moon
AWC/E9B2004058401/September 2005
Moon engaged in business activities outside the scope of her business
relationship with her member firm without providing her firm with prompt
written notice of these activities.
Fined $5,000; Suspended 3 months in all capacities
|
Terrence Michael Meter
AWC/E8A2002124004/September 2005
Meter engaged in outside business activities for compensation without
giving prompt written notice to his member firm.
Fined $10,000; Suspended 3 months in all capacities
|
Gregory Ian Gatto (Principal)
AWC/E1020032137-01/September 2005
Gatto engaged in outside business activities and failed to provide
prompt written notice to his member firm. Gatto appeared for an
on-the-record interview and failed to cooperate by refusing to answer NASD’s
questions.
Barred
|
Thomas Way Bayley, III
OS/#C9A040063/ E9A2002073703/September 2005
Bayley engaged in business activities outside the scope of his
association with his member firm and failed to give prompt written notice
of his outside business activities to his member firm.
Fined $29/966; Suspended 1 month all capacities
|
Marcus D. Braden
SFC/HPD 05-93/August 25, 2005
In September 1999, Marcus D. Braden began working as an investment
specialist at Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (the “Firm”). As an
investment specialist, his duties included opening new accounts,
encouraging customers to bring new or additional assets, recommending
money management firms, following up with customers on a quarterly basis,
and advising customers on overall portfolio strategy. His
job duties did not include and did not permit disseminating specific stock
recommendations and advice for short term trading.
In or about December 2000 or January 2001, Braden met with his personal
friend T, who informed Braden that he wanted to trade some portion of his
assets and he wanted Braden to act as his broker. Because as an
"investment specialist" he could not serve as T’s
broker, Braden and T discussed the idea of opening an investment account
outside of the Firm at an online brokerage. Following his meeting
with T, Braden met with two of his Schwab customers, Y and K, and spoke to
them about participating in the investment club account, and both agreed
to do so. Both Y and K understood
that this account, and Braden’s participation in it, was not permitted
by the Firm.
All the parties signed an investment club agreement for the "M.B.
Partners Fund," the terms of which were that
- each participant, including Braden,
was to invest $100,000 to open the account;
- all investment decisions
were to be left to Braden’s discretion;
- Braden would distribute profits to the XYZ Investors and update them
on the account’s performance on a quarterly basis; and
- Braden would keep all
profits earned in the account above 10 percent.
NYSE Rule 346. Limitations—Employment
and Association with Members and Member Organizations
(a) Every member not associated with a
member organization must be a registered broker or dealer unless
exempted by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
(b) Without making a written
request and receiving
the prior written consent of his member or member
organization employer, no member, allied member or employee of a
member or member organization shall at any time be engaged in any
other business; or be employed or compensated by any other person;
or serve as an officer, director, partner or employee of another
business organization; or own any stock or have, directly
or indirectly, any financial interest in any other organization
engaged in any securities, financial or kindred business; provided
however, that such written request and consent shall not be
required with regard to stock ownership or other financial
interest in any securities, financial or kindred business which is
publicly owned unless a control relationship exists.
|
NYSE Rule 407. Transactions -
Employees of Members, Member Organizations and the Exchange
(a) No member or member organization
shall, without the prior
written consent of the employer,
open a securities or commodities account or execute any
transaction in which a member, allied member or employee
associated with another member or member organization or an
employee of the Exchange is directly or indirectly interested.
In connection with accounts or
transactions of members, allied members and employees associated
with another member or member organization, duplicate
confirmations and account statements shall be sent promptly to the
employer.
(b) No member (associated with a
member or member organization), allied member or employee
associated with a member or member organization shall establish or
maintain any securities or commodities account or enter into any
private securities transaction with respect to which such person
has any financial interest or the power, directly or indirectly,
to make investment decisions, at another member or member
organization, or a domestic or foreign non-member broker-dealer,
investment adviser, bank, other financial institution, or
otherwise without the prior written consent of another person
designated by the member or member organization under Rule
342(b)(1) to sign such consents and review such accounts.
Persons having accounts or
transactions referred to above shall arrange for duplicate
confirmations and statements (or their equivalents)
relating to the foregoing to be sent to another person designated
by the member or member organization under Rule 342(b)(1) to
review such accounts and transactions. All such accounts and
transactions periodically shall be reviewed by the member or
member organization employer (see also Rule 342.21).
The Exchange may, upon written
request, and where good cause is shown, waive any requirements of
this Rule.
|
On or about January 31, 2001, Braden completed and signed an
application to open an Investment Club Account at XYZ (not a NYSE member
firm). Braden understood at the time he opened the XYZ Account that
- it was against the Firm’s policies and procedures to open the XYZ
Account without advance
written approval from the Firm and that had approval been
granted, duplicate copies
of all confirmations and account statements were required to be sent
to the Firm’s compliance department;
- he had not sought the Firm’s approval prior to opening the XYZ
Account, nor did he arrange for duplicate copies of the account
statements or the trade confirmations to be sent to the Firm; and
- he had an obligation to
report his participation in any outside investments to the Firm’s
compliance department and that he did not do so when the account was
opened or at any point thereafter.
Page one of the application asked, “Are you or a relation (or
partner, if partnership) associated with securities firm, exchange,
insurance company or investment advisor?” Braden answered “no”,
which was untrue.
Around the first week of February 2001, each of the investors gave Braden
a check for $100,000 made out to “M.B. Partners Fund,” and signed the
new account documentation. Despite his agreement to do so and without the
knowledge of the XYZ Investors, Braden
did not deposit his $100,000 share into the XYZ Account.
About February 14, 2001, $300,000 was deposited into the XYZ account
and Braden began trading. By March 30, 2001, the value of the XYZ
Account had dropped to approximately $87,700. Braden continued to trade
the XYZ Account, and the account continued to suffer losses. Braden
informed the XYZ Investors that the XYZ Account “was down,” however he
never revealed to them the extent of the losses. On or about May 30, 2001,
Braden transferred $1,000
from the XYZ Account to a bank account at Fifth Third Bank in the name of
MB Partners Fund, and then withdrew the $1,000 for his personal use
(without authorization). Between June 12, 2001 and August 29, 2001, Braden
made five additional transfers
totaling $22,000 from the XYZ Account to the Fifth Third Bank, all
without authorization and for his personal use.
On September 30, 2001, following Braden’s withdrawals trading losses,
the market value of the XYZ
Account was $5,477. In or around November 2001, T informed Braden
that he wanted to discontinue his participation in the XYZ Account. Braden
informed T of the losses in the account and told him that he could provide
T with a check for the remainder of the account. On or about November 20,
2001, Braden sold the remaining securities in the XYZ Account, and on or
about November 27, 2001, a check
for $6,938 was issued from the XYZ Account and given to T. Braden
never told T that he had misappropriated approximately $23,000 from the
account. On April 30, 2002, without the knowledge of the XYZ
Investors, the XYZ Account was closed for inactivity.
At some point in approximately late 2002 to early 2003, Y informed Braden
that he needed to withdraw some money from the XYZ Account. Braden
informed Y of the losses in the account and gave Y online access to the
account activity. Y calculated that approximately $30,000 had been
withdrawn and distributed from the account. Braden
agreed to pay Y $10,000, his share of the $30,000, by the end of
2003, and Y was satisfied with this agreement. However, it seems
that Braden left the Firm in September 2003 to work for his next employer
in Sarasota, Florida, and did not inform Y --- which I guess also means
that he never paid Y the
promised $10,000 as of that date.
In or around July or August 2003, after Braden informed Y of the losses
in the XYZ Account, Braden met with K and informed him of the losses in
the XYZ Account. K never saw the account activity and was not told about Braden’s
withdrawals or the monies that were given to T. K did not receive any
money from the XYZ Account and he has not made any complaints against Braden.
About October 16, 2003, upon learning that Braden was no longer
employed by the Firm, Y made an oral complaint to the Firm revealing Braden’s
involvement in the XYZ Account. The Firm
settled with Y for $10,000.
The Firm terminated Braden on September 12, 2003 and amended his Form
U5 to disclose the above circumstance on December 5, 2003. Upon learning
of the allegations in the amended Form U5, Braden's new employer
terminated him on December 18, 2003.
The NYSE found that
I. Engaged in conduct inconsistent with just and equitable principles
of trade in that he misappropriated
funds from customers of his member firm employer;
II. Violated NYSE Rule 346(b)
by engaging in outside business activities without prior written
consent of his member firm employer; and
III. Violated NYSE Rule 407(b)
in that he maintained a securities account at a domestic non-member
broker-dealer for himself and three customers of his member firm employer
without the prior written consent of another person designated by his
member organization to sign such consents; and failed to arrange for
duplicate confirmations and monthly statements to be sent to another
person designated by his member organization to review such
documents.
In support of the penalty, NYSE relied upon
- In the Matter of Fernando A. Gallardo, HPD 03-201 (November 4, 2003)
http://www.nyse.com/pdfs/03-201.pdf;
- In the Matter of Douglas E. Spainer, HPD 02-145 (July 17, 2002) http://www.nyse.com/pdfs/02-145.pdf
; and
- In the Matter of Michael Anthony Fortugno, HPD 02-89 (April 24,
2002) http://www.nyse.com/pdfs/02-089-090.pdf
. Each of these cases involved misappropriation of funds or securities
coupled with engaging in outside business activity or maintaining a
securities account at another firm without his employer’s written
consent. Each of these cases resulted in the imposition of a censure
and a permanent bar.
Censure; Permanent bar in all capacities.
|
|
Bill Singer's
Comment: A fascinating case on so many levels. First, the RR engages in a
prohibited outside business activity --- but his customers are all
apparently aware of this. Second, notwithstanding that the customers know
Braden is prepared to violate industry rules, they all give him $100,000
to invest . . . but they never notice that he hasn't kicked-in his
$100,000. Third, despite their sizable investments, apparently none of the
investors check the monthly account statements to discover that there are
huge losses and unexplained withdrawals. Okay, as if all that weren't bad
enough, Braden cooly quiets one client with a mere $7,000 payment and
somehow --- and I've got to give him partial props on this --- convinces a
second client to take a paltry $10,000 by year's end. Frankly, he may well
have been able to pull this all off but he seems to have reneged on the
$10,000 payment, and when that client complained, the house of cards
collapsed. It's interesting that Schwab paid the $10,000 to Y. At first
glimpse, one might think that Schwab had no liability whatsoever and
should have told Y to take a flying you know what. However, Schwab's
decision here appears to have been quite smart. Apparently, for a mere
$10,000 they seem to have put out a potential conflagration involving
three customers with nearly $300,000 in losses and a vulnerable, renegade
RR.
|
Stephen Phillip Lewis (Principal)
AWC/C07050047/August 2005
Lewis engaged in an outside business activity for compensation without
providing written notice to his member firm; and he failed to respond to
NASD requests for information.
Barred
|
Marcus D. Braden
SFC/HPD 05-93/August 25, 2005
In September 1999, Marcus D. Braden began working as an investment
specialist at Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (the “Firm”). As an
investment specialist, his duties included opening new accounts,
encouraging customers to bring new or additional assets, recommending
money management firms, following up with customers on a quarterly basis,
and advising customers on overall portfolio strategy. His
job duties did not include and did not permit disseminating specific stock
recommendations and advice for short term trading.
In or about December 2000 or January 2001, Braden met with his personal
friend T, who informed Braden that he wanted to trade some portion of his
assets and he wanted Braden to act as his broker. Because as an
"investment specialist" he could not serve as T’s
broker, Braden and T discussed the idea of opening an investment account
outside of the Firm at an online brokerage. Following his meeting
with T, Braden met with two of his Schwab customers, Y and K, and spoke to
them about participating in the investment club account, and both agreed
to do so. Both Y and K understood
that this account, and Braden’s participation in it, was not permitted
by the Firm.
All the parties signed an investment club agreement for the "M.B.
Partners Fund," the terms of which were that
- each participant, including Braden,
was to invest $100,000 to open the account;
- all investment decisions
were to be left to Braden’s discretion;
- Braden would distribute profits to the XYZ Investors and update them
on the account’s performance on a quarterly basis; and
- Braden would keep all
profits earned in the account above 10 percent.
On or about January 31, 2001, Braden completed and signed an
application to open an Investment Club Account at XYZ (not a NYSE member
firm). Braden understood at the time he opened the XYZ Account that
- it was against the Firm’s policies and procedures to open the XYZ
Account without advance
written approval from the Firm and that had approval been
granted, duplicate copies
of all confirmations and account statements were required to be sent
to the Firm’s compliance department;
- he had not sought the Firm’s approval prior to opening the XYZ
Account, nor did he arrange for duplicate copies of the account
statements or the trade confirmations to be sent to the Firm; and
- he had an obligation to
report his participation in any outside investments to the Firm’s
compliance department and that he did not do so when the account was
opened or at any point thereafter.
Page one of the application asked, “Are you or a relation (or
partner, if partnership) associated with securities firm, exchange,
insurance company or investment advisor?” Braden answered “no”,
which was untrue.
Around the first week of February 2001, each of the investors gave Braden
a check for $100,000 made out to “M.B. Partners Fund,” and signed the
new account documentation. Despite his agreement to do so and without the
knowledge of the XYZ Investors, Braden
did not deposit his $100,000 share into the XYZ Account.
About February 14, 2001, $300,000 was deposited into the XYZ account
and Braden began trading. By March 30, 2001, the value of the XYZ
Account had dropped to approximately $87,700. Braden continued to trade
the XYZ Account, and the account continued to suffer losses. Braden
informed the XYZ Investors that the XYZ Account “was down,” however he
never revealed to them the extent of the losses. On or about May 30, 2001,
Braden transferred $1,000
from the XYZ Account to a bank account at Fifth Third Bank in the name of
MB Partners Fund, and then withdrew the $1,000 for his personal use
(without authorization). Between June 12, 2001 and August 29, 2001, Braden
made five additional transfers
totaling $22,000 from the XYZ Account to the Fifth Third Bank, all
without authorization and for his personal use.
On September 30, 2001, following Braden’s withdrawals trading losses,
the market value of the XYZ
Account was $5,477. In or around November 2001, T informed Braden
that he wanted to discontinue his participation in the XYZ Account. Braden
informed T of the losses in the account and told him that he could provide
T with a check for the remainder of the account. On or about November 20,
2001, Braden sold the remaining securities in the XYZ Account, and on or
about November 27, 2001, a check
for $6,938 was issued from the XYZ Account and given to T. Braden
never told T that he had misappropriated approximately $23,000 from the
account. On April 30, 2002, without the knowledge of the XYZ
Investors, the XYZ Account was closed for inactivity.
At some point in approximately late 2002 to early 2003, Y informed Braden
that he needed to withdraw some money from the XYZ Account. Braden
informed Y of the losses in the account and gave Y online access to the
account activity. Y calculated that approximately $30,000 had been
withdrawn and distributed from the account. Braden
agreed to pay Y $10,000, his share of the $30,000, by the end of
2003, and Y was satisfied with this agreement. However, it seems
that Braden left the Firm in September 2003 to work for his next employer
in Sarasota, Florida, and did not inform Y --- which I guess also means
that he never paid Y the
promised $10,000 as of that date.
In or around July or August 2003, after Braden informed Y of the losses
in the XYZ Account, Braden met with K and informed him of the losses in
the XYZ Account. K never saw the account activity and was not told about Braden’s
withdrawals or the monies that were given to T. K did not receive any
money from the XYZ Account and he has not made any complaints against Braden.
About October 16, 2003, upon learning that Braden was no longer
employed by the Firm, Y made an oral complaint to the Firm revealing Braden’s
involvement in the XYZ Account. The Firm
settled with Y for $10,000.
The Firm terminated Braden on September 12, 2003 and amended his Form
U5 to disclose the above circumstance on December 5, 2003. Upon learning
of the allegations in the amended Form U5, Braden's new employer
terminated him on December 18, 2003.
The NYSE found that
I. Engaged in conduct inconsistent with just and equitable principles
of trade in that he misappropriated
funds from customers of his member firm employer;
II. Violated NYSE Rule 346(b)
by engaging in outside business activities without prior written
consent of his member firm employer; and
III. Violated NYSE Rule 407(b)
in that he maintained a securities account at a domestic non-member
broker-dealer for himself and three customers of his member firm employer
without the prior written consent of another person designated by his
member organization to sign such consents; and failed to arrange for
duplicate confirmations and monthly statements to be sent to another
person designated by his member organization to review such
documents.
In support of the penalty, NYSE relied upon
- In the Matter of Fernando A. Gallardo, HPD 03-201 (November 4, 2003)
http://www.nyse.com/pdfs/03-201.pdf;
- In the Matter of Douglas E. Spainer, HPD 02-145 (July 17, 2002) http://www.nyse.com/pdfs/02-145.pdf
; and
- In the Matter of Michael Anthony Fortugno, HPD 02-89 (April 24,
2002) http://www.nyse.com/pdfs/02-089-090.pdf
. Each of these cases involved misappropriation of funds or securities
coupled with engaging in outside business activity or maintaining a
securities account at another firm without his employer’s written
consent. Each of these cases resulted in the imposition of a censure
and a permanent bar.
Censure; Permanent bar in all capacities.
|
Hoyit Allen Bacon
OS/C05050010/August 2005
Bacon engaged in outside business activities without providing written
notice to his member firm. He also violated standards of commercial honor
and just and equitable principles of trade by billing one client for the
same advisory services under both an agreement with his member firm and
through his outside business.
Censured; Fined $5,000; Ordered to pay $11,793.59 restitution to a
public customer; Suspended 1 year in all capacities.
|
Teekachand Richard Tiwari
AWC/C10050031/July 2005
Tiwari participated in private securities transactions without
providing written notification to or obtaining written approval from his
member firm. Tiwari engaged in outside business activities without
providing prompt written notice to his member firm. In addition, he failed
to respond to NASD requests to appear for an on-the-record interview.
Barred
|
John Francis Ranhofer
OS/C02040033/July 2005
Ranhofer participated in a private securities transactions without
providing prior written notice to or receive approval from his member
firm. Ranhofer engaged in outside business transactions and failed
to give prompt notice of these activities to his member firm. Ranhofer
failed to disclose material facts on his Form U4. (NASD Case #)
Barred
|
Brian Jared Newmark
AWC/C9A050023/July 2005
Newmark engaged in business activities outside the scope of his
relationship with his member firm without providing prompt written notice
to his member firm.
Fined $150,000; Suspended 9 months all capacities
|
Robert Kurtis Mauss
C06050010/July 2005
Mauss engaged in private securities transactions without providing
prior written notice to his member firm. He engaged in outside business
activities and received compensation in connection with such activity
without providing prompt written notice to his member firm. Mauss failed
to disclose material facts on his Form U4.
Barred.
|
James Joseph Rovezzi
C07040088/June 2005
Rovezzi engaged in outside business activities without providing prompt
written notice to his member firm; and he provided a written response to
his member firm in which he falsely
represented that he had not engaged in the outside business activities.
Barred
|
Yuan Lung Liu (Principal)
AWC/C02050030/June 2005
Liu engaged in outside business activities for compensation without
providing written notice to his member firm.
Fined $10,000; Suspended 6 months in all capacities
|
Scott Ronald Kemmerling
AWC/C8A050025/June 2005
Kemmerling failed and neglected to provide prompt, written notice to
his member firm of his outside business activities.
Fined $10,000; Suspended 3 months
|
Kevin Owen Kelley (Principal)
AWC/C11050012/June 2005
Kelley engaged in outside business activities without providing prompt
written notice to his member firm. He failed to appear for an NASD
on-the-record interview.
Barred
|
Ernest Alexander Harris
AWC/C02050031/June 2005
Harris engaged in outside business activity, for compensation, without
prior written notification to, or written approval from his member
firm.
Fined $7,000 (including $2,000 disgorgement); Suspended 15 business
days all capacities.
|
Mark Joseph Deves (Principal)
C3A040043/June 2005
Deves engaged in outside business activities for compensation without
prior written notification to his member firm.
Fined $18,541 (including $8,541 commission disgorgement); Suspended 1
year in all capacities
|
Joseph Abbondante (Principal)
C10020090/June 2005 (Decision by NAC following OHO Decision)
The NAC found that Abbondante
- participated in private
securities transactions without providing prior written notice
to, and receiving prior written approval from, his member firm;
- recklessly made material
misrepresentations and omissions to public customers with
respect to an investment fund;
- engaged in outside business
activities without providing prompt written notice to his
member firm; and
- knowingly facilitated another in providing false
account statements to seven customers of his member firm.
Barred; Required to pay public customers $276,265 in restitution.
|
Steven James Zellers
SFC/NYSE Hearing Panel Decision 05-50/May 9, 2005
READ THIS CASE IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE WEINERS
AND McDONALD CASES IMMEDIATELY BELOW
| Zellers, was a registered representative
at Morgan Stanley DW Inc.'s (the “Firm”) Cupertino branch office
(the “branch office”), was encouraged, at the branch office
level, to network with, and refer, in appropriate circumstances,
clients to professionals such as lawyers, accountants and financial
planners. Accounting firm “AF” offered its clients programs in
tax solutions, tailored to the financial circumstances of individual
clients, with the purpose of reducing or deferring their tax
liabilities. In the course of his dealings with the “AF”
accountant who frequently received referrals from the branch office’s
registered representatives, Zellers and others learned that referral
fees could be paid to those referring clients for tax solutions. The
Firm had a clear policy, consistent with NYSE Rules, that engagement
in outside business or the receipt of outside compensation, without
prior employer approval, were prohibited.
After Firm management heard rumors that some branch office
employees were engaged in the outside business activity of referring
clients to the “AF” accounting firm in exchange for referral
fees, the Firm opened up an internal investigation. The Firm learned
from its internal review that the “AF” accounting firm made
referral payments totaling $155,000 to the corporation of the Firm
employee who was terminated via payment to a company owned by
terminated employee’s father. The referral fees of the “AF”
accounting firm ultimately flowed from the father’s company’s
account at the Firm to Zellers and others. |
NYSE Rule 346.
Limitations—Employment and Association with Members and Member
Organizations
(b) Without making a written request and
receiving the prior written consent of his member or member
organization employer, no member, allied member or employee of a
member or member organization shall at any time be engaged in any
other business; or be employed or compensated by any other person;
or serve as an officer, director, partner or employee of another
business organization; or own any stock or have, directly or
indirectly, any financial interest in any other organization engaged
in any securities, financial or kindred business; provided however,
that such written request and consent shall not be required with
regard to stock ownership or other financial interest in any
securities, financial or kindred business which is publicly owned
unless a control relationship exists. |
NYSE Enforcement commenced its investigation on February 11, 2002 after
receiving a Uniform Termination Notice for Securities Industry
Representatives (“Form U-5”) from the Firm, that notified the NYSE
that a co-worker of Zellers was discharged on April 19, 2001, based upon
the Firm’s determination that he engaged in outside employment without
prior written employer consent, and as a result of his refusal to
cooperate with the Firm’s internal investigation. Enforcement
concurrently investigated the conduct of Zellers and others, all of whom
worked with the terminated employee, to determine whether they also
engaged in an outside business activity without prior written Firm
consent. Zellers voluntarily left the Firm prior to the completion of the
Firm’s internal investigation.
The NYSE found that Zellers violated NYSE Rule 346(b) by engaging in an
outside business activity without written employer consent.
Censure; Bar for 6 months in all capacities.
Zellers agreed to cooperate with the NYSE as follows:
A. Zellers shall fully, fairly and truthfully disclose all
information and produce all records in his possession and other evidence
relevant to the inquiries by Enforcement concerning any
violations of the federal securities laws or NYSE rules by
coworkers of Zellers during his tenure at the Firm’s Cupertino
branch office of which he has any knowledge or information;
B. Zellers shall fully,
fairly and truthfully testify at any contested hearing brought by
the NYSE, concerning any matter falling within paragraph A above;
and
C. Zellers shall actively participate
in the NYSE’s investigation and prosecution of any matter
within paragraph A above, including meeting with NYSE staff when
requested in order to prepare to testify at any contested hearing.
|
Eric Matthew Winokur a/k/a Eric Matthew Wiener
SFC/NYSE Hearing Panel Decision 05-49/May 9, 2005
Seth Andrew Wiener
SFC/NYSE Hearing Panel Decision 05-48/May 9, 2005
READ THIS CASE IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE McDONALD
CASE (IMMEDIATELY BELOW) AND THE ZELLERS CASE
IMMEDIATELY ABOVE
| Seth Weiner and Eric Wiener, were
registered representative at Morgan Stanley DW Inc.'s (the “Firm”)
Cupertino branch office (the “branch office”), was encouraged,
at the branch office level, to network with, and refer, in
appropriate circumstances, clients to professionals such as lawyers,
accountants and financial planners. Accounting firm “AF” offered
its clients programs in tax solutions, tailored to the financial
circumstances of individual clients, with the purpose of reducing or
deferring their tax liabilities. In the course of his dealings
with the “AF” accountant who frequently received
referrals from the branch office’s registered representatives,
Seth Weiner and others learned that referral
fees could be paid to those referring clients for tax solutions.
The Firm had a clear policy, consistent with NYSE Rules, that
engagement in outside business or the receipt of outside
compensation, without prior employer approval, were
prohibited.
After Firm management heard rumors that some branch office
employees were engaged in the outside business activity of referring
clients to the “AF” accounting firm in exchange for referral
fees, the Firm opened up an internal investigation. The Firm learned
from its internal review that the “AF” accounting firm made
referral payments totaling $155,000 to the corporation of the Firm
employee who was terminated via payment to a company owned by Seth
and Eric Weiner’s father. The referral fees of the “AF”
accounting firm ultimately flowed from the father’s company’s
account at the Firm to Seth Weiner and others. |
NYSE Rule 346.
Limitations—Employment and Association with Members and Member
Organizations
(b) Without making a written request and
receiving the prior written consent of his member or member
organization employer, no member, allied member or employee of a
member or member organization shall at any time be engaged in any
other business; or be employed or compensated by any other person;
or serve as an officer, director, partner or employee of another
business organization; or own any stock or have, directly or
indirectly, any financial interest in any other organization engaged
in any securities, financial or kindred business; provided however,
that such written request and consent shall not be required with
regard to stock ownership or other financial interest in any
securities, financial or kindred business which is publicly owned
unless a control relationship exists. |
NYSE Enforcement commenced its investigation on February 11, 2002 after
receiving a Uniform Termination Notice for Securities Industry
Representatives (“Form U-5”) from the Firm, that notified the NYSE
that a co-worker of Seth and Eric Weiner was discharged on April 19, 2001,
based upon the Firm’s determination that he engaged in outside
employment without prior written employer consent, and as a result of his
refusal to cooperate with the Firm’s internal investigation. Enforcement
concurrently investigated the conduct of Seth and Eric Weiner and others,
all of whom worked with the terminated employee, to determine whether they
also engaged in an outside business activity without prior written Firm
consent. Seth and Eric Weiner voluntarily left the Firm prior to the
completion of the Firm’s internal investigation.
The NYSE found that Seth and Eric Weiner violated NYSE Rule 346(b) by
engaging in an outside business activity without written employer
consent.
Censure; Bar for 6 months in all capacities.
Seth and Eric Weiner agreed to cooperate with the NYSE as follows:
A. Seth and Eric Weiner shall fully, fairly and truthfully disclose
all information and produce all records in his possession and other
evidence relevant to the inquiries by Enforcement concerning any
violations of the federal securities laws or NYSE rules by
coworkers of Seth and Eric Weiner during his tenure at the Firm’s
Cupertino branch office of which he has any knowledge or
information;
B. Seth and Eric Weiner shall fully,
fairly and truthfully testify at any contested hearing brought by
the NYSE, concerning any matter falling within paragraph A above;
and
C. Seth and Eric Weiner shall actively participate
in the NYSE’s investigation and prosecution of any matter
within paragraph A above, including meeting with NYSE staff when
requested in order to prepare to testify at any contested hearing.
|
Daniel Christopher McDonald
SFC/NYSE Hearing Panel Decision 05-47/May 9, 2005
READ THIS CASE IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE WEINERS
AND ZELLERS CASES IMMEDIATELY ABOVE
| McDonald, was a registered representative
at Morgan Stanley DW Inc.'s (the “Firm”) Cupertino branch office
(the “branch office”), was encouraged, at the branch office
level, to network with, and refer, in appropriate circumstances,
clients to professionals such as lawyers, accountants and financial
planners. Accounting firm “AF” offered its clients programs in
tax solutions, tailored to the financial circumstances of individual
clients, with the purpose of reducing or deferring their tax
liabilities. In the course of his dealings
with the “AF” accountant who frequently received
referrals from the branch office’s registered representatives, McDonald
and others learned that referral
fees could be paid to those referring clients for tax solutions.
The Firm had a clear policy, consistent with NYSE Rules, that
engagement in outside business or the receipt of outside
compensation, without prior employer approval, were
prohibited.
After Firm management heard rumors that some branch office
employees were engaged in the outside business activity of referring
clients to the “AF” accounting firm in exchange for referral
fees, the Firm opened up an internal investigation. The Firm learned
from its internal review that the “AF” accounting firm made
referral payments totaling $155,000 to the corporation of the Firm
employee who was terminated, via payment to a company which was
owned by the terminated employee’s father. The referral fees of
the “AF” accounting firm ultimately flowed from that company’s
account at the Firm to McDonald and others. |
NYSE Rule 346.
Limitations—Employment and Association with Members and Member
Organizations
(b) Without making a written request and
receiving the prior written consent of his member or member
organization employer, no member, allied member or employee of a
member or member organization shall at any time be engaged in any
other business; or be employed or compensated by any other person;
or serve as an officer, director, partner or employee of another
business organization; or own any stock or have, directly or
indirectly, any financial interest in any other organization engaged
in any securities, financial or kindred business; provided however,
that such written request and consent shall not be required with
regard to stock ownership or other financial interest in any
securities, financial or kindred business which is publicly owned
unless a control relationship exists. |
MH, a customer, filed an arbitration against McDonald and others
alleging various sales practice violations. The complaint arose out of a
sale by MH of various mutual fund investments including various
International Fund B shares, Mid Cap Growth B shares, Tax Managed Growth
Fund B shares and Select Growth B shares. MH contended that McDonald
failed to sell her mutual funds after she specifically instructed him to
do so during a telephone conversation. McDonald conceded his failure
to execute this sale, but explained that there were mitigating
circumstances for the delay, specifically, that the delay was the result
of McDonald’s attempt to forestall MH’s sale, as it would have
resulted in significant penalties
resulting from an early sale of the mutual funds.
NYSE Enforcement commenced its investigation on February 11, 2002 after
receiving a Uniform Termination Notice for Securities Industry
Representatives (“Form U-5”) from the Firm, that notified the NYSE
that a co-worker of McDonald was discharged on April 19, 2001, based upon
the Firm’s determination that he engaged in outside employment without
prior written employer consent, and as a result of his refusal to
cooperate with the Firm’s internal investigation. Enforcement
concurrently investigated the conduct of McDonald and others, all of whom
worked with the terminated employee, to determine whether they also
engaged in an outside business activity without prior written Firm
consent. McDonald voluntarily left the Firm prior to the completion of the
Firm’s internal investigation. In addition, the NYSE also investigated McDonald
after being notified by the Firm that a customer arbitration was commenced
against McDonald and others, and which included allegations of
misrepresentations, unsuitable investments and the failure to execute a
sale order when instructed to do so.
The NYSE found that McDonald violated NYSE Rule 346(b) by engaging in
an outside business activity without written employer consent.
Censure; Bar for 6 months in all capacities.
McDonald agreed to cooperate with the NYSE as follows:
A. McDonald shall fully, fairly and truthfully disclose all
information and produce all records in his possession and other evidence
relevant to the inquiries by Enforcement concerning any
violations of the federal securities laws or NYSE rules by
coworkers of McDonald during his tenure at the Firm’s Cupertino
branch office of which he has any knowledge or information;
B. McDonald shall fully,
fairly and truthfully testify at any contested hearing brought by
the NYSE, concerning any matter falling within paragraph A above;
and
C. McDonald shall actively participate
in the NYSE’s investigation and prosecution of any matter
within paragraph A above, including meeting with NYSE staff when
requested in order to prepare to testify at any contested hearing.
|
|
Bill Singer's
Comment: This is a troubling case on two
levels. One, it's one of those cases that irritates me because firms
are always pushing their RRs to network and develop leads. Which is
essentially what McDonald did here. Two, I always fall victim to
that American ethic against tattling on your colleagues, especially if you
too were engaged in wrongdoing.
Having raised points one and two, I must also be
fair and offer the following observations. I think we need to
liberalize the outside business activities and private securities
transactions violations at both NYSE and NASD because far too many RRs
fall afoul of those restrictions. The sheer numbers of violations in
these areas indicate to me that the missteps are frequently out of
ignorance and not with an intention to violate. As such, we need to
re-examine the reasons for these prohibitions, better communicate them to
the salesforce, and also question why RRs aren't entitled to finder's fees
(provided --- and I say this with NO reservation --- that full disclosure
is made to the customer and the firm). Which finally brings me to
the requirement that McDonald testify against his colleagues and cooperate
with the NYSE in their prosecution. There is likely no more potent
arrow in the regulator's quiver than compelling cooperation from a
co-conspirator or an accessory. Tasteful or otherwise, it is a
necessary option. Moreover, the mere threat that someone engaged
with you in misconduct could be induced to turn you in, is often a potent
issue that may preclude some schemes. True, there's something in the
American grain that is rankled by such cooperation, but it's often a
necessary evil for the system to work. Notwithstanding, I wish we
could dispense with the charade that McDonald somehow simply "agreed
to cooperate." We all know that this was the NYSE's idea and
I'm sure there was some prodding on the regulator's part. Why even
play this game?
|
John Padilla
AWC/C9B050019/May 2005
Padilla engaged in business activities for compensation outside the
scope of his member firm without providing his firm with prompt written
notice of these activities.
Fined $5,000; Suspended 6 months in all capacities
|
Talbot Heber Lloyd
AWC/C3A050016/May 2005
LLoyd engaged in outside business activities without first providing
written notice to the member firms with which he was associated.
Fined $50,000 (includes $45,000 disgorgement); Suspended 6 months in
all capacities.
|
William Howard James, III
AWC/C9A050014/May 2005
James engaged in business activities for compensation outside the scope
of his member firm without providing his firm prompt written notice of the
activities. He failed to respond to NASD requests for information and to
appear to testify.
Barred
|
Robert Michael Graves Jr.
OS/C06050002/May 2005
Graves
- engaged in a private
securities transaction with a public customer without providing
written notice to his member firm;
- recommended an unsuitable
security to a public customer;
- participated in outside
business activities without prior written notice to his member
firm; and
- received a loan from
a public customer, which violates his member firm’s policy
prohibiting the receipt or solicitation of loans from customers.
Fined $7,500; Suspended 20 business days in all capacities
|
|
Bill Singer's
Comment: You know how you never see someone for years and then twice in
the same day. Well, check out the DeBock
case where we have another sanction for borrowing money from a
customer.
|
Ray Rajnian Dubey
AWC/C07050017/May 2005
Dubey engaged in outside business activities and failed to provide
prompt written notice to his member firm.
Fined $5,000; Suspended 30 business days in all capacities
|
Mark Joseph Deves (Principal)
C3A040043/May 2005
Deves participated in outside business activities without prior written
notice to his member firm.
Fined $18,541 (includes disgorgement of $8,541 commissions); and
Suspended 1 year in all capacities.
|
Lance Neal Dahmer
C8A030086/May 2005
Dahmer engaged in outside business activities without providing prompt
written notice to his member firm.
Fined $5,000; Suspended 60 days in all capacities; Required to
requalify as a General Securities Representative
|
| Bill Singer's
Comment: This is one of the few reported cases that apparently went
to a hearing (no AWC or OS denoted). Interesting result. The
fine and sanction are generally within the range of those obtained by
settlement --- but do I detect just a little fit of pique in the
imposition of the requalification? If you read the actual NASD
Hearing Panel decision at http://www.nasd.com/web/groups/enforcement/documents/oho_disciplinary_decisions/nasdw_014133.pdf
you will be amazed at the mitigating factors involved in this
matter. Moreover, I trust that many of you will be disgusted to read
that the NASD Staff sought to Bar Mr. Dahmer! As such, kudos to
Dahmer's lawyers and to the Hearing Panel for not imposing the unwarranted
sanction the Staff sought. Simply from judging this decision from
the perspective of what the Staff sought, this is a substantial victory
for the Respondent. Just another example as to why it may pay to fight
some of these Enforcement cases.
|
Akeem Folajimi Bello
AWC/C10050011/May 2005
Bello made unsuitable
recommendations to public customers; and engaged in outside
business activities for compensation without providing prompt written
notice to his member firm.
Fined $26,718.92 (includes disgorgement of $26,718.92 --- apparently
NASD limited the fine to the actual disgorgement because of Bello's
"financial status"); Suspended 1 year
|
Daniel Quinn Dellinger
AWC/C8A050010/April 2005
Dellinger engaged in outside business activities, received $15,287 in
compensation, and failed to provide written notice to his member firm of
his intent to engage in such activities.
Fined $5,000; Suspended 15 business days all capacities
|
Rafael Ernesto Avila
AWC/C07050009/April 2005
Avila received $92,000 from public customers to invest in securities
for the customers, but failed to follow the customers’ instructions and
converted the funds to his own use and benefit. Further, he owned
or maintained control over two brokerage accounts at an NASD member
firm, but failed to disclose his association with his member firm to the
firm carrying the accounts, and failed to disclose the existence of the
accounts to his member firm. Also, Avila failed to provide prompt written
notice to his member firm that he was employed by, or received
compensation from, an outside business activity.
Barred
|
Anthony George Peterson
AWC/C8A050007/March 2005
Peterson engaged in outside
business activities by receiving compensation for selling viaticals,
and failed to give prompt written notice of his activities to his member
firm.
Peterson was Barred
|
Phillip Mauro Nuciola III
AWC/C3A050008/March 2005
Nuciola failed to provide prompt written notice of his outside business
activities to his member firm.
Nuciola was Fined $5,000 and Suspended 20 days in all capacities
|
Robert James Christ
AWC/C9B050006/March 2005
Christ engaged in outside business activities without providing the firm prompt written notice.
Christ was Fined $5,000 and Suspended 3 months in all capacities.
|
John David Amick
AWC/C8A050009/March 2005
Amick engaged in outside business activities by receiving compensation for providing
financial planning services to public customers, and failed to give prompt
written notice of his outside business activities to his member firm.
Amick Fined $5,000 and Suspended 30 days in all capacities.
|
Gordon Stratford Pett, Jr.
AWC/C8A040119/February 2005
Pett engaged in outside
business activities for which he received in excess of $75,780 in
compensation and failed to provide his member firm with prompt written
notice of his outside business activities.
Pett was Fined $10,000 and Suspended 6 months in all capacities.
|
Anthony Mario Nobrega
AWC/C11050001/February 2005
Nobrega engaged in an outside
business activity without providing prompt written notice to his
member firm; and failed to appear for an NASD on-the-record
interview.
Nobrega was Barred.
|
Lewis A. Lanza
AWC/C8A040118/February 2005
Lanza e conducted outside
business activities for which he received $70,000 in compensation
while employed with his member firm, and failed to provide his firm with
prompt written notice of his activities.
Lanza was Fined $10,000 and Suspended 3 months in all capacities.
|
Daniel William Huebner
OS/C04040033/February 2005
Huebner engaged in outside
business activities for compensation and failed to provide his
member firm with prompt written notice of these transactions and his role
therein.
Huebner was Barred.
|
James Wesley Holstein
AWC/C07040105/February 2005
Holstein engaged in business
activities outside the scope of his relationship with his member
firm for compensation and failed to provide his member firm with prompt
written notice.
Holstein was Fined $5,000 and Suspended 30 days in all capacities.
|
Lacy McClure Walthall, III
C07040048/January 2005
Walthall engaged in outside
business activities and private securities
transactions without prompt written notification to his member firm and
his firm’s written approval to engage in the private securities
transactions.
Fined $35,000, suspended from 1 year in all capacities; and ordered to
requalify by exam as a general securities representative (Series 7) before
re-entering the securities industry.
|
Kyle Edward Pittenger (GSP)
AWC/C8A040111/January 2005
Pittenger engaged in outside
business activities and failed and
neglected to provide prompt written notice to his member firm.
Fined $10,000 and suspended 3 months in all capacities.
|
| Bill Singer's
Comment: I really wish NASD would pay a bit more attention to the
consistency of their disciplinary action write-ups. What exactly is
the import of "failed and neglected" to provide notce, as
opposed to "failed"? Regulators should place great weight
on the precision of their language and it is troublesome when new
allegations pop up without explanation. I'm not sure I've ever seen
anyone accused of "neglecting" to provide prompt notice --- it's
always been "failed."
|
Brian Ladah
OS/C11040038/January 2005
Ladah engaged in private
securities transactions outside the normal scope of employment with
his member firm and failed to give prior written notice to, and receive
approval from, his member firm. Also, he engaged in outside
business activities without providing prompt written notice to his
member firm.
Fined $5,000; suspended 2 years in all capacities; ordered to disgorge
to customers $49,200 commissions plus interest
|
|
Tony Ricardo Brown
AWC/C8A040100/January 2005
Brown engaged in outside
business activities and failed and neglected to provide prompt
written notice to his member firm.
Fined $2,500 and suspended for 10
business days in all capacities.
|
Avery Marc Meizner
SFC/NYSE Hearing Panel Decision 04-6/January 19, 2005
From May 1985 to May 2003, Meizner was employed as in a non-registered
capacity as an internal auditor at the Firm. Around July 2000,
Meizner began taking educational courses with a division of a non-member
firm. In late 2001, the non-member firm contacted Meizner and asked him to
provide his opinion about its services to potential customers and answer
their questions. In exchange for his services, the non-member firm agreed
to pay Meizner 5% of the amount
paid by each customer who signed up for a seminar or who purchased
any of its products as a result of their discussions with Meizner.
Thereafter, on or about March 1, 2002, Meizner began receiving
compensation from the non-member firm for his services while he was
employed by the Firm. During 2002, Meizner received a total of
approximately $226 in compensation from the nonmember firm for his
services. During 2003, prior to the termination of his employment from the
Firm, Meizner received a total of approximately $1,212
from the non-member firm for his services. Meizner neither
requested nor received the Firm’s written consent to engage in business
activity with the non-member firm while he was employed by the
Firm. On January 30, 2002, Meizner signed a Firm document entitled Principles
of Employee Conduct, in which he acknowledged that he received a
copy of Firm policies prohibiting employees from engaging in outside
business activities without the prior written consent of the Firm and
agreed to comply with those provisions throughout the year. Nevertheless,
Meizner failed to disclose when he
began engaging in outside business activities with a non-member
firm on or about March 1, 2002. On January 23, 2003 and February 12, 2003,
while Meizner was employed by the Firm and receiving compensation from the
non-member firm, he signed two additional Principles of Employee Conduct
forms issued by the Firm, in which he acknowledged that he would comply
with the Firm’s compliance rules regarding employee outside business
activities throughout 2003. When he signed these forms, Meizner failed to
disclose to the Firm that he was engaged in outside business activities
with the non-member firm.
Around November 2002, while employed by the Firm, Meizner opened
a securities account with another securities firm (“the Account”).
On the application Meizner completed to open the Account, Meizner stated
that he was self-employed with a company called Tech Equities 2003.
Meizner described himself as the owner of Tech Equities 2003 and described
the nature of his business as Finance-Investing. Meizner listed the
address for Tech Equities 2003 as his home address. In response to the
following questions on the application to open the Account: “Are
you currently affiliated or employed by a member of a stock exchange or
the NASD” and “Do you
have an affiliation with, or work for a securities firm, bank, trust or
insurance company,” Meizner responded “No,”
which was not true. Meizner did not request or obtain the Firm’s approval
for opening the Account and he did not request duplicate
copies of his Account statements to be sent to the Firm, as
required by Exchange Rule 407(b). On or about March 11, 2003, while
Meizner was employed by the Firm and maintained the Account, Meizner
signed a Firm document entitled Brokerage
Accounts Outside the Firm, which required each employee to disclose
all outside brokerage accounts. Meizner signed the document without
disclosing the Account.
The NYSE found that Meizner
I. Violated Exchange Rule 346(b) in that, without making a written
request and receiving the prior written approval of his member
organization employer, he engaged in outside business activity.
II. Violated Exchange Rule 407(b) by maintaining a securities account
at another securities firm without the prior written consent of his member
firm employer, and without arranging duplicate confirmations and monthly
statements of such account to be sent to his member firm employer.
III. Engaged in conduct inconsistent with just and equitable principles
of trade in that he made misstatements to his member firm employer
concerning his outside business activities and his securities account
maintained outside his member firm employer.
Censure and a 1 year Bar
|
Wayne Franklin Currie
AWC/C07040093/January 2005
Currie failed to give prompt notice of
his outside
business activities to his member firm.
Fined $2,500 and suspended 2 months in
all capacities
|
THIS WEBSITE MAY BE DEEMED AN ATTORNEY ADVERTISEMENT OR SOLICITATION IN SOME JURISDICTIONS. AS SUCH, PLEASE NOTE THAT THE HIRING OF AN ATTORNEY IS AN IMPORTANT DECISION THAT SHOULD NOT BE BASED SOLELY UPON ADVERTISEMENTS. MOREOVER, PRIOR RESULTS DO NOT GUARANTEE A SIMILAR OUTCOME. NEITHER THE TRANSMISSION NOR YOUR RECEIPT OF ANY CONTENT ON THIS WEBSITE WILL CREATE AN ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SENDER AND RECEIVER. WEBSITE SUBSCRIBERS AND ONLINE READERS SHOULD NOT TAKE, OR REFRAIN FROM TAKING, ANY ACTION BASED UPON CONTENT ON THIS WEBSITE. THE CONTENT PUBLISHED ON THIS WEBSITE REPRESENTS THE PERSONAL VIEWS OF THE AUTHOR AND NOT NECESSARILY THE VIEWS OF ANY LAW FIRM OR ORGANIZATION WITH WHICH HE MAY BE AFFILIATED. ALL CONTENT IS PROVIDED AS GENERAL INFORMATION ONLY AND MUST NOT BE RELIED UPON AS LEGAL ADVICE. CONTENT ON THIS WEBSITE MAY BE INCORRECT FOR YOUR JURISDICTION AND THE UNDERLYING RULES, REGULATIONS AND/OR DECISIONS MAY NO LONGER BE CONTROLLING OR PERSUASIVE AS A MATTER OF LAW OR INTERPRETATION.
|
 |
|